Bittschi, Benjamin
Article in Academic Journal
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Dwenger, Nadja and Rincke, Johannes (2021) Water the Flowers You Want to Grow? Evidence on Private Recognition and Donor Loyalty. European Economic Review, 131, p. 103624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103624
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Borgloh, Sarah and Wigger, Berthold U. (2020) Philanthropy in a Secular Society. Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 176 (4), pp. 640-664. https://doi.org/10.1628/jite-2020-0038
Angel, Stefan and Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 (2019) Housing and Health. Review of Income and Wealth, 65 (3), pp. 495-513. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12341
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Pennerstorfer, Astrid and Schneider, Ulrike (2019) The Effect of Volunteers on Paid Workers’ Excess Turnover in Nonprofit and Public Organizations. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 39 (2), pp. 256-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X17715503
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192 and Weyerstrass, KlausORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5659-8991 (2018) Finanzierung der EU nach dem Brexit: Eine Analyse des Mehrjährigen Finanzrahmens 2021-2027. Wirtschaftspolitische Blätter, 65 (2), pp. 397-411.
Asatryan, Zareh; Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 and Doerrenberg, Philipp (2017) Remittances and Public Finances: Evidence from Oil-Price Shocks. Journal of Public Economics, 155, pp. 122-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2017.09.009
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Pennerstorfer, Astrid and Schneider, Ulrike (2015) Paid and Unpaid Labour in Non-Profit Organizations: Does the Substitution Effect Exist? British Journal of Industrial Relations, 53 (4), pp. 789-815. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjir.12071
Discussion/ Working Paper
Bekhtiar, KarimORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6667-1075; Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 and Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X (2021) Robots at Work? Pitfalls of Industry Level Data. European Network for Economic and Fiscal Policy Research, EconPol Working Paper 5 (58), 32 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Dwenger, Nadja and Rincke, Johannes (2020) Water the Flowers You Want to Grow? Evidence on Private Recognition and Donor Loyalty. Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), Public Economics, CEPR Discussion Papers 14996, 34 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Dwenger, Nadja and Rincke, Johannes (2020) Water the Flowers You Want to Grow? Evidence on Private Recognition and Donor Loyalty. CESifo, CESifo Working Paper 8424, 34 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 and Wigger, Berthold U. (2019) On the Political Feasibility of Increasing the Legal Retirement Age. CESifo Group Munich, CESifo Working Paper 7492
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Borgloh, Sarah and Moessinger, Marc-Daniel (2016) On Tax Evasion, Entrepreneurial Generosity and Fungible Assets. ZEW Discussion Paper 16-024, 19 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Borgloh, Sarah and Wigger, Berthold U. (2016) Philanthropy in a Secular Society. ZEW Discussion Papers 16-021, 49 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 and Duppel, Saskia (2015) Did the Introduction of the Euro Lead to Money Illusion? Empirical Evidence from Germany. ZEW Discussion Papers 15-058, 23 p.
Angel, Stefan and Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 (2014) Housing and Health. Zentrum für Europäische Wirtschaftsforschung GmbH (ZEW), Discussion Paper 14-079, 34 p.
IHS Series
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Molnarova, ZuzanaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8377-1032; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X, et al. (March 2021) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2021-2022: Wirtschaft zurück auf Wachstumskurs. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 116, 49 p.
Bekhtiar, KarimORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6667-1075; Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 and Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X (February 2021) Robots at Work? Pitfalls of Industry Level Data. IHS Working Paper Series 30, 32 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X, et al. (December 2020) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2020-2022: Erneute Infektionswelle bremst Aufschwung. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 115, 49 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X, et al. (October 2020) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2020-2021: Zögerliche Erholung von der COVID-19-Krise. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 114, 47 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X, et al. (July 2020) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2020-2024: Hohe Unsicherheit und mäßiges Wachstum durch die Corona-Krise. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 113, 57 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X, et al. (June 2020) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2020-2021: COVID-19-bedingte Rezession erfordert außergewöhnliche wirtschaftspolitische Anstrengungen. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 112, 46 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X, et al. (March 2020) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2020: Coronavirus führt zu Rezession in Österreich. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 111, 18 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X, et al. (December 2019) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2019-2021: Allmähliche Konjunkturbelebung. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 110, 45 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X, et al. (October 2019) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2019-2020: Konjunktur bleibt weltweit schwach. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 109, 45 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X, et al. (July 2019) Mittelfristige Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2019-2023: Solide Wachstumsaussichten für die österreichische Wirtschaft. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 108, 61 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X, et al. (June 2019) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2019-2020: Schwäche der Weltwirtschaft bremst heimische Exporte. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 107, 48 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X, et al. (March 2019) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2019-2020: Inlandsnachfrage stützt heimische Konjunktur. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 106, 45 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Skriner, Edith, et al. (December 2018) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2018-2020: Schwächere Weltwirtschaft und hohe Unsicherheit bremsen heimische Konjunktur. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 105, 36 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Skriner, Edith, et al. (October 2018) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2018-2019: Robuste Binnenkonjunktur bei hohem außenwirtschaftlichem Risiko. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 104, 33 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Skriner, Edith, et al. (July 2018) Mittelfristige Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2018 – 2022: Wachstumskurs durch Strukturreformen stützen. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 103, 44 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Skriner, Edith, et al. (June 2018) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2018-2019: Konjunktur schwächt sich ab, außenwirtschaftliche Unsicherheit nimmt zu. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 102, 35 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Grozea-Helmenstein, DanielaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3904-7423; Hlouskova, JaroslavaORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-0068; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192; Kunst, Robert M.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6831-2471; Reiter, MichaelORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-8746; Skriner, Edith, et al. (March 2018) Prognose der österreichischen Wirtschaft 2018-2019: Konjunktur auf dem Höhepunkt. Wirtschaftsprognose / Economic Forecast 101, 32 p.
IHS Policy Brief
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 and Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X (June 2020) Forschung und Entwicklung in Krisenzeiten. IHS Policy Brief 18, 13 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 and Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X (May 2020) Gelenkter technologischer Wandel: FTI-Politik im Kontext des Klimawandels. Was ist ein geeigneter Policy-Mix für eine nachhaltige Transformation? IHS Policy Brief 17, 14 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 and Kocher, Martin G.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-1192 (November 2018) Steuersystem in Österreich. Status quo und Potentiale. IHS Policy Brief 4/2018, 16 p.
Research Report
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 and Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551 (November 2019) Klimarelevante Subventionen, Abgaben und Regulierungen - Österreich im europäischen Vergleich. [Research Report] 31 p.
Kaufmann, Peter; Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Depner, Heiner; Fischl, Iris; Kaufmann, Joachim; Nindl, Elisabeth; Ruhland, Sascha; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X; Struß, Viktoria; Vollborth, Tim, et al. (June 2019) Evaluation des Zentralen Innovationsprogramms Mittelstand (ZIM). Richtlinie 2015. Endbericht. [Research Report] 264 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Fortin, InesORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4517-455X; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X; Loretz, Simon and Zwirn, Gregor (April 2019) Price elasticities and implied tax revenue for alcoholic beverages: Evidence from Poland, France and Spain. [Research Report] 90 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 and Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X (August 2018) Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Digitalisierung. [Research Report] 37 p.
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Brandl, Marion-Bianca; Hofer, Helmut; Koch, Sebastian P.ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3946-7551; Nagl, Wolfgang and Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X (December 2017) Zukunft der Steuern in Österreich. Mittelfristige Projektion der Lohn-, Einkommen-, Körperschaft- und Umsatzsteuer unter Berücksichtigung globaler Trends. [Research Report] 71 p.
Blog Post
Bekhtiar, KarimORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6667-1075; Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349 and Sellner, RichardORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-184X (2021) Werden die Folgen der Robotisierung überschätzt? In: Ökonomenstimme. KOF Konjunkturforschungsstelle, ETH Zürich, 30 March 2021 [Blog Post]
Other
Bittschi, BenjaminORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7366-7349; Hofmarcher, Maria M. and Kraus, MarkusORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5358-4773 (April 2008) Health Policy Monitor; Pharmaceutical Price Policy - Follow Up Report. Health Policy Monitor (11). 8 p.